“It is a revolutionary concept that sugar can be good for us!”

• Ed Rodgers, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder of Bonumose (manufacturer of Tagatose and Allulose)

Please review this summary focused only on human peer-reviewed evidence (i.e., randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses) as to the impact of GoodShoog™ ingredients.

Trehalose

What the human evidence suggests

Trehalose is a sugar made of two glucose molecules linked together differently than table sugar. Human studies suggest it may produce a slower rise in blood sugar than regular glucose or sucrose.

Evidence from randomized controlled trials

A double-blind randomized controlled trial in healthy adults found that small daily amounts of trehalose (3.3 g/day for 12 weeks) improved post-meal glucose handling compared with sucrose. (source)

Study link: Trehalose RCT in healthy volunteers (Nutrition Journal, 2020)

Another crossover human trial found trehalose caused:

• smaller blood sugar spikes,
• lower insulin release,
• lower GIP hormone release (a hormone linked with fat storage), compared with glucose. (source)

Study link: Trehalose glycemic response crossover trial (Nutrition Journal, 2017)

Plain-English interpretation

Trehalose appears to act more gently on blood sugar than ordinary sugar in some people. In practical terms, that may mean:

• less of a "blood sugar spike,"
• less insulin demand,
• possibly better blood sugar control over time.

D-Tagatose

What the human evidence suggests

D-Tagatose is a "rare sugar" with fewer calories than regular sugar and a lower effect on blood glucose.

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled human trials found that Tagatose generally improved:

• post-meal blood sugar,
• insulin response,
• some cardiometabolic markers. (source)

Study links: Rare sugars meta-analysis in controlled human trials (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2026) | Tagatose and allulose human intervention review summary

Earlier systematic reviews also concluded that rare sugars such as tagatose may help with glycemic control and possibly body weight management, although evidence quality was mixed and many studies were small. (source)

Plain-English interpretation

Compared with ordinary sugar, tagatose may:

• raise blood sugar less,
• reduce insulin demand,
• potentially help people better control glucose after meals.

For consumers, this means it may be a more "diabetes-friendly" sweetener than regular sugar.

Allulose

What the human evidence suggests

Allulose is one of the better-studied rare sugars in humans.

The 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled human intervention trials found that Allulose generally improved:

• post-meal glucose response,
• insulin response, with some evidence for broader cardiometabolic benefits. (source)

Study links: Allulose and tagatose systematic review/meta-analysis (AJCN, 2026) | Human intervention trial review of allulose and tagatose

Several human feeding studies included in these reviews showed Allulose reduced blood glucose rises after carbohydrate-containing meals.

Plain-English interpretation

Among alternative sweeteners, Allulose has some of the strongest human evidence for:

• lowering blood sugar spikes after eating,
• reducing insulin demand,
• providing sweetness with very few calories.

In everyday terms, it behaves more like a "low-impact sugar" than a traditional sugar.

Stevia

What the human evidence suggests

Stevia is a non-caloric sweetener derived from the stevia plant.

A 2024 meta-analysis of 26 human studies (1,439 participants) found stevia modestly reduced blood glucose levels, especially in people with obesity, diabetes, or hypertension. (source)

Study links: Stevia meta-analysis (Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 2024)

However, the same meta-analysis found stevia did not consistently improve HbA1c or insulin levels. (source)

An earlier systematic review/meta-analysis suggested stevia may modestly reduce systolic blood pressure, though evidence quality was limited. (source)

Plain-English interpretation

Stevia's main proven advantage is simple: it provides sweetness without calories or sugar. Human studies suggest it may slightly help blood sugar control, particularly in people already at metabolic risk.

Study link: RCT on nonnutritive sweeteners, microbiome, and glucose tolerance (Cell, 2022)

Overall Evidence Ranking (Human Data Only)

Bottom-Line Summary in Plain Language

• Allulose currently has some of the strongest human evidence for helping reduce blood sugar spikes while still tasting similar to sugar.
• D-tagatose also looks promising for blood sugar control, though digestive tolerance can be an issue at high amounts.
• Stevia is best supported as a zero-calorie sweetener replacement rather than a major metabolic "health booster."
• Trehalose may produce gentler blood sugar responses than regular sugar, but human evidence is still limited and early.